Pragmatism: ‘She widens the field of search for God’

Joan Richardson

So observed William James in coming to the end of his second lecture/chapter of Pragmatism, “What Pragmatism Means”; “She” — to be clear — in James’s text refers to “pragmatism.” My lecture will explore, following the method of pragmatism itself, the range of meaning “God” held for James. I shall counterpoint, for example, the following passage from the “Postscript” to The Varieties of Religious Experience: “But all facts are particular facts, and the whole interest of the question of God’s existence seems to lie in the consequences for particulars which that existence may be expected to entail” to his observing a few pages later that God “might conceivably even be only a larger and more godlike self, of which the present self would then be but the mutilated expression, and the universe might conceivably [then] be a collection of such selves, of different degrees of inclusiveness, with no absolute unity at all. Thus would a sort of polytheism return upon us….” The range of possibilities opened by James’s suggestions is, to say the least, provocative and, more, appropriate to the method of pragmatism, whose impetus, as noted not only by James but by Charles Sanders Peirce and the other members of what came to be known as “The Metaphysical Club,” is the Darwinian event. It is central to recall that for James, for Peirce and for the other participants in “The Metaphysical Club” the crux of the “Darwinian event” was neither the misconstrued “survival of the fittest” motive popularized by Herbert Spencer, nor “natural selection,” but the actuality of probability as the modality to be understood and deployed in negotiating relations with what Peirce called our “universe of chance.” How “God” is to be construed, imagined, and addressed in this universe will be the focus of my lecture. Within this address, the significance of Barack Obama’s “messianic” role will also be taken into account.

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